Section B

SECTION B
The early pioneers of quantum theory quickly discovered that the seemingly innocuous idea that energy is grainy has bizarre implications. Objects can be in many places at once. Particles behave like waves and vice versa. The act of witnessing an event alters it. Perhaps the quantum world is constantly branching into multiple universes.

As long as you just accept these paradoxes, quantum theory works fine. Scientists routinely adopt the approach memorably described by Cornell physicist David Mermin, as “shut up and calculate.” They use quantum mechanics to calculate everything from the strength of metal alloys to the shapes of molecules. Routine application of the theory underpins the miniaturization of electronics, medical MRI and the development of solar cells, to name just a few burgeoning technologies.

Quantum mechanics is one of the most reliable theories in science: its prediction of how light interacts with matter is accurate to the eighth decimal place. But the question of how to interpret the theory-what it tells us about the physical universe-was never resolved by founders such as Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger. Famously, Einstein himself was unhappy about how quantum theory leaves so much to chance: it pronounces only on the relative probabilities of how the world is arranged, not on how things fundamentally are.”

If one cannot accept these paradoxes, like me, then the Quantum theory is not working fine!

“Bohr coined the notion of “complementarity” to express the need to relinquish the expectation of a deeper reality beneath the equations. If you measure a quantum object, you might find it in a particular state. But it makes no sense to ask if it was in that state before you looked”

The interaction of the observed and the observer will alter both physical formation and the position of observed. As long as a shrinking device is not invented yet which will take us to the scale of galactic or atomic worlds, we cannot make a direct observation of these worlds as if we would be in a laboratory or in an observatory. The only thing that can reach there, without altering the observed, as of now, is logic and what we are learning by the observation of our own universe and applying this information to the micro worlds. Yes, these applications do not guarantee correctness and accuracy. However, the issue is: which ones can exist in our own universe and which ones cannot?

I personally, examine every theory with the assumption that nature will not create contradictory and alien universes in ours and in the micro and macro universes. Therefore, any structure that has no chance to fit in our own universe cannot have a chance to be correct in other universes either!

QUANTUM PHYSICS

Scientists are puzzled at the wave and particle duality of the light and the matter. Light and, in fact any matter, behaves as either a particle or a wave. The real puzzle is really in their puzzlement!

Why theoreticians cannot accept that particles are part of waves and waves are made of particles. Light moves as a wave like anything else in the nature and initial waves are not the ones that reach a point in distance. Waves create new waves and so on. What we witness, as light are the very last waves that reach us, the particles in these waves are from our own environment, and not the ones initially formed the first waves. There is no duality in light’s formation except in our own mind.

While we observe, we can only concentrate either on the particle or on the wave. That does not mean one of them does not exist while we observe the other one or vice versa.

Any wave is made of particles, they move together. Waves cannot exist without particles that make them. Our singularity in our observations for not being able to put our attention on both the waves and particles at the same time should not force us to conclude that they are separate things. They do not behave with duality. Appearance of duality is in our lack of capacity to observe two different events at the same time!

Planck founded quantum theory in 1900. This theory asserts, “Radiant energy consists of individual particles named quanta in the same way as matter is made up of particles named atoms.” This is again splitting the universe in different categories as energy, matter, light instead of unifying them under one single type of structure.

After half a century of trying to shape the micro worlds, Feynman states:

“…the more you see how strangely Nature behaves, the harder it is to make a model that explains how even the simplest phenomena actually work. So theoretical physics has given up on that.”
If we start with preconceived ideas about the universe and when our research does not confirm our theories we say, “Universe behaves strangely”. We human beings, most of the time we have tendency to believe that by complicating our research of the universe, we are closer to the truth. We try to reinvent the universe with structures that exist only in our minds. When they do not work, instead of stopping and thinking why they do not work, we modify the structures and we add more fiction to them and hope that this time they will work. Like “Bending of space, time” or “String theory” etc…

If you did not quit reading and you are thinking about what you read so far, from now on, you will find a drastic change in what you will read. Up to now, I was trying to show how mentally we trapped ourselves in a tiny box with our explanations about how the universe works. From now on you have to be open-minded, because instead of human imagination I will chose the universe’s own guidance for explaining how it works. I choose Observation and logical deduction instead of wild imagination and inventing structures that do not exist in nature.

Let us start with a drastic modification of the structures of the micro worlds. Let us transfer the structure of our own universe to the micro worlds, by changing only its scale and see what happens.

• Mathematics Versus Imagination

Mathematics is needed and it is an integral part of our life in this corner of the cosmos. However, in certain parts of the universe, our formulas do not work the way we expect them to work. In fact, Kepler’s law, which determines the speed of the celestial bodies that circle a central big mass, does not work at the far edges of galaxies. All stars move much slower than they should. Not only do they move slower, but also all at the same speed. Why?

It is because the space they are moving in is moving too, and stars and their planets eventually move together and at the speed of the space around them.

Also in micro universes, particles do not behave the way we expect them to behave. That is the reason Quantum physics is invented.

“..Some things that satisfy the rules of algebra can be interesting to mathematicians even though they do not always represent a real situation.”(Feynman)

Yes, the equations and the rules of this universe do not work in sub atomic world structured according to the Quantum physics’ models. Which one is correct, the rules and structures we observe as correct in our world or the ones we are imagining they exist in the Micro Universes? If mathematics does not work correctly with the structures in the micro worlds, that do not mean mathematics are wrong, it means the structures are wrong.

Mathematics is a tool. To build a project we need the necessary materiel and the tools. However, the materiel and the tools by themselves they just sit there and they build nothing. First, we have to have an idea and a project to construct something. Then at the planning stage, depending on the complexity of the project, various degrees of mathematics may be needed. However, mathematics should never be used as a partner to prove our imaginary theories. Observation and experimentation should always be the basis of all sciences. Yet, the interpretation of the results of the observations and the consequences of the experimentations is where different explanations come to play.

Everybody can observe the apple falling, but we may have different explanations for it.

All scientists know the universe is expending but we may have different explanations than Big-Bang theory.

At Cern, particles are collided but we may have different concepts on what they really are.
In cloud chambers and in magnetic fields particles are tending to change trajectory according to their negativity and positivity as orthodox science accepts. We may have a different explanation for it, which eliminates the notion of negativity and positivity in particles, as well as polarity in electricity.

Theoreticians in Cosmology usually set an imaginary theory and they use mathematics to prove the correctness of their theory. This is a very biased way to explore! Instead of imagining the final hypothesis, we should use observation and experimentation to analyze a phenomenon with a neutral attitude and try to come up with every possible explanation, and not just one that proves their hypothesis, and pick up the most logical one among them.

If the numbers and the rules we apply to the structures in our imagination does not work then we have to change the structures in our imagination and not the mathematics and the rules.

In fact, Nature’s rules are universal and are not limited to Earth, to our universe, to micro or macro universes. Instead of using our imagination to form and explain the new domains, maybe we should reshape our understanding of them. Nature provides us prototypes in our universe and maybe all we have to do is to repeat these structures in micro and macro universes.

Nature does not work with different rules in different parts of the Cosmos. Even though trillions of galaxies in our universe can be grouped as spiral, globular, disc, etc… Each one is different from others. None is identical to another one. Domains are different too; some are denser, some are lighter. Therefore, their stars and their planets will be different too. However, the rules that control the formation, the existence and the end of galaxies, stars and planets do not change. Why we are expecting that nature would operate in micro and in macro universes with different rules than it does in our universe? Why we try to reinvent the nature and its rules? If we take the structure of our universe and place it to the micro universes, by changing only its scale, I think we would do a great service in our understanding of the cosmos. Same structures are repeating themselves in our dimension and in Micro dimensions and surely in Macro dimensions which we may be their particles. Therefore, anything we learn or any corrections we make about the rules that govern our world should be applied automatically to the Micro and Macro Universes and vice versa.

While, structurally our Universe and Micro Universes and Macro Universes may be built with same components and functions, the perception of speed of what is happening seem entirely different. Billions of years of our universe may be only a few seconds in the macro universe. Same way billions of spins in micro universes is perceived by us only as few seconds of our time.

Yes, this will eliminate the concept of the Quantum Physics, which was only a product of human imagination anyway.

Measurements like, “the mass of an electron is only 1/1836 th of a proton” is one example of our arbitrarily defining sub atomic particles. If an electron is a planet and the proton is a star, how can anybody explain this fix 1/1836 proportion with the masses of Jupiter and Mercury? In addition, every star has different mass and every star has planets of different sizes and masses.

Another one is “The equivalence of Energy, Mass and Frequency and the Compton Wavelength Y of the electron Y=h/mc=2.43*10-12m”

How anybody with a little bit common sense and little bit astronomical knowledge can think that every planet therefore every electron will have the very same wavelength, same mass?

In particle physics, the latest understanding is “An Atom consists of a proton charged positively and electrons charged negatively. Total charges of electrons should be equal to the Protons and they should be in balance to keep the system stable and not breaking apart. Alternatively, the balance can be obtained also by the equality of their masses between the proton and the electrons”.

However, neither the charges nor the masses are in balance, and to balance the charges, physicians invented the neutrons, quarks, muons, pions etc…

Now, let us look at our solar system. Jupiter alone is 318 times Earth’s mass and it is 2.5 times more than the total masses of all other Planets, including the Asteroid belt. Total mass of the other planets is only 40.505% of Jupiter’s mass.

That makes the total mass of all planets only 445 Earth mass. On the other hand, the Sun has 332830 times Earth’s mass. This kind of huge mass difference between the Sun and all the planets combined cannot provide equilibrium. Where is the remaining missing mass to balance the Sun? We do not see any neutrinos, quarks, muons around the Sun!

There is no balance in the Solar system.

We also expect that the balance in the charges of a Star and its planets keep them together. In reality, neither their charges nor their masses have anything to do to keep them as a unit. A Star is formed from cosmic dust and gases. Obviously, not all of it is used up with the formation of the star and the planets.

If a Star and its Planets and the space between them move as a block, they will keep their positions regardless how much charge or mass each one has. (Except, that block will split into different rings of different speeds)

The Star emits waves and particles. Also from its environment, particles flow toward the Star. The inside and outside pressure of the Star keeps it in equilibrium and stays as a sphere and does not collapse nor explode. Flares erupt from the surface of a Star; they loop back, and fall back to the Star. It is presumed that gravity does that! In reality, any flare, since it does not have the Star’s internal pressure, is dragged back toward the Star by the flow. If some eruptions, created with enough speed to equal or exceed the necessary escape velocity of that Star, the heated material will not loop back to the Star but will continue its journey in the space. These eruptions are cyclic situations. The flow continuously increases the pressure inside of the Star and with these eruptions; the Star releases the extra internal pressure. Then a period of balanced calm reigns until the next big outbursts. We experience that with our Star the Sun with eleven and twenty two-year cycles. As long as these outbursts continue, we can be sure that internal pressure of the star is not fading away. If the intervals start to expend to longer and longer periods then that means the danger bells are ringing. These bells are beginning of the end for that Star. In fact our Sun will collapse one day when the inside pressure diminishes and if the outside pressure does not change. We cannot prove this because it will happen in billions of years from now, but it happens to other stars. However, this will take much longer time than it is estimated because while the Sun internally burns its fuel, from the outside the flow replenishes it to some degree.

• Behavior Of Particles And Naming Them

In a cloud chamber, a Positron is considered a positive charged particle and spins counterclockwise and an Electron is considered a negative charged particle and spins clockwise.

Alternatively, in a cloud chamber integrated with a magnet, the curvature of the trajectory of the particles determines their charge as negative or positive. Most particles are considered they exist with their counterparts with opposite charge and therefore named in pairs as positive and negative, like Electron-Positron, Muon-Anti Muon, Tau-Anti Tau, Up-Anti Up, Down-Anti Down, Strange- Anti Strange, Charm-Anti Charm, Bottom-Anti Bottom, Top-Anti Top, and Pion Plus-Pion Minus. Same thing keeps going on with Proton, Neutron, Lambda, Sigma, Charmed, etc… Finally, as Matter and Anti matter!

“If I could remember the names of all these particles, I’d be a botanist”– Enrico Fermi

Now consider this: if we draw on a transparent paper a clockwise spin and bring the paper toward our face and keep moving it pass our head and away from us without reversing the paper; the same spiral we drew appears as a counter clockwise spin. In the same way, if we look to the Solar system from the top, the way we are used to draw the Sun, and the Planets, all planets rotates around the sun in a counterclockwise motion. If we could look from below the Solar system, we would see all planets are moving in a clockwise rotation. They are all the same planets, but viewed from different “observation points”. Same way, if we move the observer from front or top of the cloud chamber to behind or below it, their rotations reverses and Electrons becomes Positrons and vice versa. The same particle becomes at the same time negative and positive charged!

This means their polarity is not an inherent quality but depends on the observer’s position! Also, their behavior is not dependent of their charges either, because they are not charged as negative or positive in the first place.

In the cloud chambers, magnetic fields are used to separate positive and negative particles. Negative particles curbs toward the positive pole of the magnet and vice versa. As we saw before, magnets do not have positive and negative poles. They have flow emitting and receiving poles. It is a circulation inside and outside of the magnet. Therefore, particle’s curvature to one direction or another has nothing to do with the negativity or positivity of the particle. Same result can be created by an electric field around the cloud chamber. In both cases, the FLOW is the cause for the change of direction of the particles, not the polarization of the particles. They are not attracted or repulsed because of their polarity but they are dragged by the flow.

Therefore, arbitrarily rushing to name particles electron or positrons or protons or neutrons or matter or antimatter is completely erroneous. Creating the notion of polarity for the particles upset our knowledge of the micro worlds fundamentally and pushed us to wrong directions therefore blocked completely the advancement and understanding of the sciences.

• Where Are The Galaxies In The Micro Universes?

When we are dealing with the micro universes we are under the impression that now we are dealing with the atomic world, which is the star systems of the micro world. Are we really dealing with the star systems yet? If the structure of the micro universes is the same as our universe then we should ask, “Where are the Galaxies?” Galaxies are the first structure we should encounter in our journey to the micro worlds. When we think that we are manipulating the atomic world, we may not be there yet and probably we may be dealing with the galaxies of the micro worlds. Physicists at the CERN research center achieved high-power collisions of sub-atomic particles. They get numerous new particles. What are those particles? Are they the protons (stars) and electrons (planets) or are they smashing galaxies with billions of star systems in them? Again, the technology is way ahead of the theoretical thinking. Technicians will end-up with numerous particles as the result of the collisions and theoretical scientists will race with each other to name them. After few years of coming up with hundreds or may be thousands of more names, they will give up. Because while they think they are exploring the atomic world, probably they are not. In that case, maybe we should replace the word atomic with galactic, like galactic world, galactic bomb, galactic submarine etc…? In addition, we have to make changes in the periodic table. In fact, periodic table should be replaced by entirely different explanation for the formation of elements. There are binary star systems. May be three or four star systems is also possible. But 92 stars to form Uranium! I do not think so. Yes, there are globular star clusters with thousands of stars in them but these formations are clusters of star systems and they have nothing to do with 92 stars forming one single star system! The formation of the elements must be explainable with more practical and logical formations than it is in the periodic table.

Since in the formation of stars and the planets their core is more compressed and denser than the outer layers, heavier elements are formed at their cores. The heavier elements do not flow-in from a star’s or a planet’s surroundings, in ready and finished forms, but they are formed in their cores. The only difference in the conditions between the cores and the outer layers is their degree of compression. Therefore, reasonably, we can conclude that the difference in different element’s formation is their degree of compression and not the number of protons they have in their nucleus. The science of chemistry is very advanced and understands very accurately “WHAT” is happening but not “WHY” is happening!

If an element is over compressed and released, it will start to decompress and this will release a certain amount of particles (radiation)

At the center of the stars and the new planets in liquid or gaseous form, the pressure will compress particles to form various elements. In addition, various elements are compressed together to form new components.

• Conclusion

1- The notion of negative and positive particles does not make any sense in an environment without a reference point.

2- Entire universe is in motion; particles move and create waves, waves move, and everything else moves. For an observer, a false notion of direction exists. Without an observer there is no direction, there is no negative or positive, but just continuous movements. Even electricity is neither positive nor negative. If we place a resistance on a circuit, then we create in our mind an incoming flow, which we name positive, and an outgoing flow, which we call “ground” or the negative pole. In the absence of our self, there are no two different characteristics of the same flow. There are different magnitudes and different speeds of the flow that changes by the density of the environment it is in, and around it, but it is still the same kind of flow, neither negative nor positive.

If we look to any diagram on a piece of paper, we see it as two-dimensional. If we place that diagram in a glass container, it may be become and seen as three-dimensional. If the objects move, they become four-dimensional. Some moving objects in the glass container are coming toward us, some are going away from us, and erroneously we name them differently.

Next step will take patience, time and a lot of practice. But at the end if one can succeed to imagine himself or herself expanded infinitely to encompass the entirety of the cosmos and eliminate himself or herself as an observer (reference point) and becoming one with cosmos he or she will realize that there is no direction, no coming or going, no spinning clockwise or counterclockwise, no negative or positive, but just a cosmos in movement and nothing else. However, since we are not capable to imagine anything that does not already exist in the nature, we should not call this process “Imagination” but only a “Discovery” of what already exist.

 

When we pull back our self from that expanded consciousness, and deal with the universe from our human scale, between every excited matter, we observe huge distances. This separation of excited matters from each other makes us think that both our world and the micro worlds are 99% emptiness. However, the reality is not so, only the illusion is, because neither our world nor the micro worlds are NOT 99% empty.

3- Time is relative to the observer. When we measure the time between two consecutive phenomena we use our own units, seconds, minutes, days, years etc…

When we eliminate our self as an observer, a second and a billion years loose their meaning. These periods are in our minds and for another entity or observer, other than a human being, the meaning of one second or a day may be a lifetime or even much longer. For example in a cloud chamber, what happens in a fraction of a second for us may be observed as a billion years by beings living on these particles. Even, on the same planet by the same kind of entities, one living at Greenwich, time may be twelve noon and at the same time for another human being living in New York, time will be 7am and at the same time for another human being living in Istanbul, time will be 2pm. Furthermore, when we observe an event that looks like happening now somewhere ten billions light years away, really happened ten billions years ago for that place. Whatever happening now in that place we will know and observe ten billions years from now!

Time exist only in the minds of the observers, in reality, in the cosmic scale, it does not have any meaning at all.

We end up with more questions than we started with:

1- Is there an end to the cosmos?

2- Where the whole thing started? Did it started at the very bottom of the micro universes and piled up toward the macros? Since without micro universes Macro universes cannot exist, we can logically deduce that all the way the bottom micro universes came to existence first and one by one Macro universes started to appear. However, really how the tiny ones came to existence? I am not capable to imagine the whole thing! I hope someday we can evolve to a higher capacity and level and somebody can understand.

3- Another thing keeps bothering my mind and I have no explanation for it. It is estimated that today we are using only about 10% of our Brainpower. If our and every living being’s evolution happens because of NEED and ADAPTATION, why did we jump ahead of our evolution? There are only two possible explanations for that can happen:

A) Between our ancestors the Humanoids and today, did we have a civilization much more advanced than today’s level and our brains developed to the needed capacity but somehow that civilization disappeared but our brains remained?

B) Is some extra-terrestrial beings visited Earth, way in the past and mated with some humanoids or with some primitive human to alter our genes? After that, they left us with over developed brains but not enough knowledge to fill them! That may explain also the religion’s “God created us in his image” Probably these primitive humanoids took Aliens as Gods.

Universes have rules and we are bound to live with these rules. We had better learn to understand these rules, and then we can have smoother lives. Instead of keep bumping to the wall, we can live in harmony with nature and with each other if we concentrate our attention to study the nature, its patterns.

One day BELIEVING probably and hopefully will be replaced by KNOWING.

Our only concern should be the KNOWLEDGE of the NATURE, its patterns, its rules, and how we can synchronize with them and live with minimal damage to ourselves, to other beings and to the environment.

We are all, on this tiny planet called Earth, lost beings trying to find our way to more intelligent and nicer future. Our past does not separate us from each other but our aspirations are. Our ethnicity does not mean anything but the way we are thinking makes the difference.  Color differences of our skin do not play any role in the ways we think, because we think with our brains and our brains are of the same color! Same way the shape of our noses or chins has no meaning at all. What we expect from the future is the only meaningful difference.

• FINAL WORDS

If we eliminate the Human factor as point of reference and if we accept the existence of ranges of FLOW and particles creating waves and waves moving to every direction, then we have to accept:

• Gravity and attraction between masses do not exist. Degrees of FLOW from one object or magnetic field to another are the only force.
• Negative or Positive do not exist. They are an illusion of the reference points.
• Time does not exist. It is relative to the observer therefore really has no meaning.
• Emptiness does not exist. Every place in cosmos is filled with matter with different density, concentration and in different state of excitement.
• If we can accept the idea that our universe, we are living in it, is composed of MICRO universes, we can and should accept that our Universe is the building blocks of a MACRO universe.
• Big bang was not the reason why our universe expands. There is no other example in cosmos that something is created from nothing. Instead, any heat generated in the macro universe will cause an expansion in our universe; same way any heat generated in our universe will cause an expansion in the micro universes. Big bang theory’s assumption of reversal of the expansion will go all the way to a point of infinite mass is erroneous. This expansion did not started from nothing; it started with the existing universe by a heat source in the macro universe.
• The structure of the micro universes described and constructed by the Quantum physics is the product of the human imagination and it is not the real structure of the micro universes. All we have to do is to transfer the composition and the rules of our own Universe to the Micro universes by changing only its scale. All our misunderstandings will be automatically resolved.

There are many, many other unexplained phenomena. I would like to study and “Hopefully” find explanations for some of them but I am old and my health is deteriorating.

I think I am on an entirely new way of looking to Cosmos and with time, I may be able to explain few more phenomena, however I do not want to jeopardize and burry my already finished observations with me if I suddenly die. What I have studied would be lost for a greedy desire from my part, with the hope of study more and find more. Therefore, it is time to expose this paper to related scientists, interested thinkers hoping that some of them may continue from where I left.

If you find truth in this paper, do not be scared to accept it. It is always better to be on the truth’s side and maybe ridiculed or even persecuted than knowingly to be on the wrong side and be applauded.
With my respects and best wishes to everybody.

By: Ergun Tok between years 1931 to 2016